: Housing inflation is getting worse for renters and buyers. Will Biden’s ‘Build Back Better’ stop it?

The shelter sub-index increased by 0.5% last month, accounting for roughly a one-fifth of the broader index’s rise. That is in part a reflection of how the index is weighted, since housing-related costs typically consume much of a household’s budget.

Notably, the government does use somewhat unusual methods to gauge inflation in housing, and the consumer price index can be slow to pick up on rising home prices and rents as a result. Nevertheless, myriad other reports have pointed to the cost of shelter rising in recent years, and especially during the COVID-19 crisis.

The latest edition of the Real House Price Index from title insurance company First American Financial Corp. indicated that housing affordability had fallen nearly 17% over the past year as of August, owing largely to a record 20.7% increase in nominal home prices over the past year.

The First American index seeks to put nominal home prices in context, by factoring in mortgage rates and wage growth, to capture the overall affordability of buying a home. With mortgage rates expected to rise and wage growth not likely to keep pace, concerns are mounting that some Americans may end up being priced out of the housing market.

Matters aren’t much better in the rental market, either. The past couple years has represented a rollercoaster ride for renters and landlords alike. The start of the pandemic saw many people leave wealthy urban neighborhoods to rent or buy homes in the suburbs or exurbs. In less affluent neighborhoods, job losses and disruptions led to greater competition for housing as people were displaced from where they lived. Consequently, rents actually rose in those areas, research shows.

But in 2021, the story has been one of rising rents. Since January, the national median rent has skyrocketed 16.4%, according to data from Apartment List. Comparatively, in the years between 2017 and 2019, rent growth from January to October only averaged 3.2%. Some markets have seen rents begin to come back down in recent weeks, but overall rents are still rising across the country — albeit at a slower pace.

“Although the pandemic created some softness in the rental market last year, 2021 has brought the fastest rent growth we have on record in our data,” Apartment List’s research team noted in the rent report.

The Biden administration has signaled that inflation is a challenge that the federal government needs to address, and Democrats have suggested that there “Build Back Better” social-spending plan will help to curb rising costs.

In a statement Wednesday, Biden said that reversing the fast pace of rising inflation was “a top priority” for him, but he later went on to cite rising home values as evidence of the economy’s recovery from COVID-19. However, policy experts and economists say that Build Back Better plan isn’t guaranteed to reduce inflation, and could actually make matters worse at the margins.

How ‘Build Back Better’ addresses housing

Altogether, the latest version of the Build Back Better Act that was released in early November by the Rules Committee of the House of Representatives includes more than $150 billion in funding for affordable housing and community development programs. This includes:

• $65 billion worth of investments in America’s public-housing infrastructure.

• $10 billion in down-payment assistance for first-generation homeowners.

• Around $5 billion for subsidized 20-year fixed-rate mortgages for low-income households.

• $24 billion in funding for housing vouchers, of which $15 billion would go to extremely low-income households and $7.1 billion would go to households at risk of homelessness or survivors of sexual assault, domestic violence or trafficking.

• $15 billion for the Housing Trust Fund and $10 billion for the HOME Investment Partnership Program to support building affordable housing and offsetting the cost of rent.

• $2 billion for rural rental housing.

• Funding for a competitive grant program where communities can be awarded money by the federal government if they reform zoning codes, and other regulations that make it harder to build more housing.

The money allocated toward housing also includes funds earmarked for revitalizing distressed multifamily projects, improving energy efficiency and supportive housing for elderly people and people with disabilities.

When a slightly different, earlier version of the proposal was released in late October it was welcomed by affordable-housing advocates and the real-estate industry alike. “This would be the most significant single investment in quality, stable, affordable homes for the country’s lowest-income people in history,” said Diane Yentel, president and CEO of the National Low Income Housing Coalition.

The National Association of Realtors, meanwhile, said that the bill included “hard-fought” priorities of the trade group, “like investments in affordable housing and down-payment assistance and spares real estate investment from the most feared taxes.”

Will Build Back Better help or hurt housing inflation?

The primary reason why prices are rising for both home buyers and renters is that the country faces a housing supply shortage. A report from the National Association of Realtors found that 12.3 million new households were formed across the country between 2012 and June 2021. During that time though, construction was completed on only 7 million single-family homes.

The gap between home construction and household formation has actually worsened between 2019 and 2021. If household formations were to continue at the average rate from the past five years, home builders would need to complete triple as many homes as their average rate to close that gap in the next five to six years.

Ultimately, people have to live somewhere, so the gap means that demand for housing far exceeds the supply, driving prices higher. The question then becomes whether the policies proposed in the Build Back Better plan will address enough of the supply-side issues to counteract this high demand.

“By my count there is somewhere in the neighborhood of $60 billion in direct or indirect support for supply, depending on how you count it,” said Jim Parrott, a former Obama administration housing adviser and a nonresident fellow at the Urban Institute.

He argued that if the bill were to be passed as currently written, “this would have a considerable impact on the supply shortage over time, easing the upward pressure that housing is putting on inflation.”

Others view the proposed spending differently, saying that because the Democrats’ bill is more focused on demand-side issues in housing — such as housing vouchers and down-payment assistance — it doesn’t directly ameliorate the market’s imbalance.

“On balance, most of the $156 billion is aimed at addressing shortcomings on the demand side of housing,” said George Ratiu, manager of economic research at Realtor.com. “The funds designated toward the supply side are fewer, and the bill does not directly target the root cause of our current housing shortage, which is the insufficient affordable new homes.”

Ratiu did praise how the bill addressed financing gaps for low-income households and maintenance issues in public housing, calling it “a welcome infusion of capital and attention.”

“However, the existing imbalance between tight supply and strong demand will not be fully redressed by the bill, and will continue to manifest through higher prices,” he added.

While some of the issues the bill address can contribute to reducing housing costs — such as loosening zoning rules — friction in the construction sector will continue to put pressure on prices. Issues such as labor and material supply shortages slow down how quickly builders can complete homes.

If the bill does improve affordability and stem the pace of price increases, renters are more likely to benefit than home buyers, some suggested.

“The legislation provides an estimated $110 billion over the coming decade in tax credits and government spending to increase the supply of affordable rental homes,” said Mark Zandi, an economist with Moody’s Analytics.

He pointed to how the legislation is intended to add an estimated 75,000 new rental homes a year on average over the next decade as evidence of its potential effects. “[Build Back Better] will thus have a modest, but meaningful impact on housing supply and thus rent growth,” he said.

Implementation will be critical

The extent to which the Democrats’ plan is able to slow the pace of home price and rent appreciation could also depend on how certain aspects of the bill are implemented. Previously, progressive lawmakers had called on a broader form of down-payment assistance, which some cautioned could actually cause home prices to increase if it spurred enough people to buy homes.

“The down-payment assistance and subsidized 20-year loan programs are both so narrowly targeted that they shouldn’t pose a problem, nothing like the problem that would be been posed by the first-time homebuyer tax credit that was initially on the table,” Parrott said. He added that to the extent these programs did increase demand, the expected increase in wealth within communities of color “is easily worth the trade.”

Similarly, the effectiveness of the efforts to reduce zoning regulations could come down to implementation. Parrott said the money set aside was modest “relative to the scale of the challenge.”

“It will be most effective if it’s concentrated in a few communities, which use it to take steps that provide a model that others can follow,” he added.

If Build Back Better does become law, though, it will take time to see how effective it is at curbing inflation, especially given that the housing-related programs are designed to span many years.

“The subsidy will help change the economics of building affordable rental and entry-level housing, but it will take time for that to translate into new units making it to market,” Parrott said.